1884–1893: Les Vingt Belgian avant-garde group promoted modernist art; artists: James Ensor, Fernand Khnopff; artworks: The Entry of Christ into Brussels, The Caress.

Les Vingt

1960s–present: Community-based and socially active art practices; artists: Suzanne Lacy, Theaster Gates; artworks: The Roof Is On Fire, Stony Island Arts Bank.

Social practice (art)

1970s–present: Critical questioning of modernist norms, stylistic pluralism; artists: Cindy Sherman, Jeff Koons; artworks: Untitled Film Stills, Michael Jackson and Bubbles.

Postmodernism

19th century: Depicted dramatic volcanic eruptions and exotic Pacific landscapes; artists: Jules Tavernier, William A. Coulter; artworks: Eruption of Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Volcanoes.

Volcano School

1950s–1970s: Art involving movement or mechanical interaction; artists: Alexander Calder, Jean Tinguely; artworks: Lobster Trap and Fish Tail, Méta-Matic.

Kinetic Art

1950s–present: Abstract forms inspired by organic shapes; artists: Jean Arp, Henry Moore; artworks: Human Concretion, Reclining Figure.

Biomorphism

1940s–1950s: Focused on letters, symbols, and text in art; artists: Isidore Isou, Maurice Lemaître; artworks: Poème-mouvement, Letras.

Lettrism

1877–1906: American artists breaking from National Academy conventions; focus on realism and innovation; artists: Childe Hassam, Thomas Eakins; artworks: The Avenue in the Rain, The Swimming Hole.

Society of American Artists

1888–1900s: Cloisonnism emphasized bold flat colors separated by dark outlines; artists: Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard; artworks: Vision After the Sermon, Breton Women.

Cloisonnism

1900s–1960s: Intellectual and artistic group focused on modern literature, visual arts, and design; artists: Vanessa Bell, Duncan Grant; artworks: Interior with Two Figures, The Bloomsbury Room.

Bloomsbury Group