civilisation-history
Ming loyalist who used piracy and privateering to control Taiwan and resist Qing rule; maintained large naval forces and coastal bases in 17th century.
Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong)
civilisation-history
Maratha naval commander and pirate; dominated India’s western coast, raided European shipping, and resisted British and Portuguese incursions.
Kanhoji Angre
civilisation-history
Chinese pirate captured by British Royal Navy in 1849; part of mid-19th-century campaigns to suppress piracy in South China Sea.
Chui-Apoo
civilisation-history
Commanded over 70,000 pirates in the early 19th century South China Sea; forced the Qing government to grant amnesty, creating a large confederacy.
Ching Shih (Zheng Yi Sao)
civilisation-history
Early-20th-century successor to Qing-era piracy traditions; operated in South China Sea waters, continuing coastal raiding and maritime crime.
Lo Hon-cho
civilisation-history
Father of Koxinga; prominent pirate lord turned Ming naval commander, influential in maritime trade, coastal politics, and anti-Qing operations.
Zheng Zhilong
civilisation-history
Iranun pirates from the Philippines and Borneo; terrorized regional waters in the 18th century, capturing ships and enslaving crews.
Malay Lanun (Iranun) pirates
civilisation-history
Mid-19th-century Cantonese pirate; commanded hundreds of junks, raided regional shipping, and resisted suppression efforts in southern China.
Shap-ng-tsai
civilisation-history
Husband of Ching Shih; powerful Chinese pirate leader whose death in 1807 allowed Ching Shih to assume command of his fleets and expand her influence.
Zheng Yi
civilisation-history
Late-18th-century Chinese pirate; raided extensively along China’s coast until betrayal by fellow pirate or collaborator led to his downfall.
Cai Qian